Jewish+Immigration+(1881)+Period+6

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Jews represent a group of people rather than a distinct race or ethnicity. Although Jews originally came from the Middle East, many races and peoples have mixed together in Jewish communities over the centuries, especially after the Jews were forced out of Palestine in the second century C.E. What binds the group together is a common Jewish heritage as passed down from generation to generation. For many Jews, the binding force is Judaism, a term usually referring to the Jewish religion but sometimes used to refer to all Jews. There are, however, Jewish atheists and agnostics, and one does not have to be religious to be Jewish. In general, one is Jewish if born of a Jewish mother or if he or she converts to Judaism.=====

Although Jews comprise less than three percent of the American population, Jews have generally had a disproportionately larger representation in American government, business, academia, and entertainment. American Jews have suffered their share of setbacks and have had to combat anti-Semitism during the early twentieth century. On the whole, however, Jews have enjoyed greater acceptance in America than in any other country and have figured prominently in American culture and politics. 

Read more: [|Jewish Americans - History, European life, Immigration waves, Settlement patterns, Acculturation and Assimilation]
 * Javier Vargas:** //Litterature Specialist//

Zionism, modern political movement for reconstituting a Jewish national state in Palestine. The two great poets of modern Hebrew literature are Hayyim Nahman Bialik and Saul Tchernihovsky, who was strongly influenced by ancient Greek literature. The poetry of Avraham Shlonsky, Lea Goldberg, and Nathan Alterman deals with social and political themes. ==

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by Avraham Shlonsky
Clothe me, goodly mother, in a splendrous coat of many colors,1 And with dawn lead me unto my toil. My land wraps itself in light as in a tallit2 Houses stand like tefillin, And like tefillin-straps the palm-paved highways all glide down.3 Thus a beauteous new-wrought township prays at dawn to her creator, And among creators, Your son Abraham Is the hymnal poet-paver Of the roads of Israel. <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">And at evening in the sunset Father shall return from labors <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">And like prayer whisper gladly: <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Dearest son, my Abraham4 <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Skin and bones and veins and sinews: <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Hallelujah5 <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Clothe me, goodly mother in a splendrous coat of many colors, <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">And with dawn lead me <span style="background-color: #e6e6e6; display: block; font-family: 'lucida grande','arial unicode ms',verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Unto my toil.

Allen Ginsberg


<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His first published work, 'Howl and Other Poems' (1956), sparked the San Francisco Renaissance and defined the generation of the '50s with an authority and vision.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ginsberg's bardic rage against material values, however, was in a voice very different from Eliot's scholarly mourning for the loss of the spirit. In his second major work, 'Kaddish' (1961), a poem on the anniversary of his mother's death, Ginsberg described their anguished relationship.

As you read the first lines of “** Howl **” and “** Kaddish **”, the overall tone of the poem hits you right in the face. Allen Ginsberg, the poet, presents these two poems as complaints and injustices. He justifies these complaints in the pages that follow. Ginsberg also uses several literary techniques in these works to enhance the images for the reader. His own life experiences are mentioned in the poems, the majority of his works being somewhat biographical. It is said that Allen Ginsberg was ahead of his time, but in fact he was just riding the wave of a literature revolution. The decade of the 1950’s was a time of change. America and the world was experiencing a transition from innocence to a more knowledgeable society. Revolutions in all aspects of life were going on: civil rights, sexual, rock and roll and the introduction of new experimental drugs in the communities of San Francisco and Greenwich Village. Out of all of these revolutions came the beat generation, a group of young Bohemian writers who wrote and thought about the things that Americans used to “throw under the rug”. Perhaps the most famous and most criticized of these “beatniks” is Allen Ginsberg.

Howl
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flats floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tenement roofs illuminated, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among the scholars of war, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #505050; display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;">who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull,

//**Natan Alterman is another very iconic jewish author. His poetry is among the most highly acclaimed work.**//
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">When Israel declared independence in 1948, Altermans work began to focus more closely on the political and social issues facing the country. One of Alterman's most famous poems Silver Platter, was published soon after Israel achieved statehood. The poem suggests that miracles are not the result of divine intervention, but rather human effort, and it provided the image of Israeli soldiers and fighters as "the silver platter upon which the Jewish state was served" to its people. The vision stirred controversy in some circles, since being handed something on a silver platter usually connotes that the receiver did nothing to earn it. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">In 1941, Joy of the Poor <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">spoke of the torture of love and the tension between life and death. Some reviewers suggested that the Holocaust, which killed millions of Jews and other innocent people, might have inspired the work. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> Altermans lyrical work was influenced by the French and Russian symbolists and contained complex references to Jewish history. Descriptive and symbolic, many pieces also featured a tension between natural forces and the increasingly urban, mechanized world he saw evolving around him. Love played a prominent role in Alterman's lyrical poems, often centering on women to whom he assigned opposing roles in the conflict between man and nature. He wrote a popular song called Shir Ha'amek (Song of the Valley), a haunting, lullaby-like piece about the Jezerel Valley. Written from the viewpoint of a pioneer, the song was typical of the popular Land of Israel genre that developed in the 1930s and 1940s. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">

by Nathan Alterman
And the land grows still, the red eye of the sky slowly dimming over smoking frontiers As the nation arises, Torn at heart but breathing, To receive its miracle, the only miracle As the ceremony draws near, it will rise, standing erect in the moonlight in terror and joy When across from it will step out a youth and a lass and slowly march toward the nation Dressed in battle gear, dirty, Shoes heavy with grime, they ascend the path quietly To change garb, to wipe their brow They have not yet found time. Still bone weary from days and from nights in the field Full of endless fatigue and unrested, Yet the dew of their youth. Is still seen on their head Thus they stand at attention, giving no sign of life or death Then a nation in tears and amazement will ask: "Who are you?" And they will answer quietly, "We Are the silver platter on which the Jewish state was given." Thus they will say and fall back in shadows And the rest will be told In the chronicles of Israel And the land grows still, the red eye of the sky slowly dimming over smoking frontiers As the nation arises, Torn at heart but breathing, To receive its miracle, the only miracle As the ceremony draws near, it will rise, standing erect in the moonlight in terror and joy When across from it will step out a youth and a lass and slowly march toward the nation Dressed in battle gear, dirty, Shoes heavy with grime, they ascend the path quietly To change garb, to wipe their brow They have not yet found time. Still bone weary from days and from nights in the field Full of endless fatigue and unrested, Yet the dew of their youth. Is still seen on their head Thus they stand at attention, giving no sign of life or death <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #212180; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Then a nation in tears and amazement <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #212180; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">will ask: "Who are you?" And they will answer quietly, "We Are the silver platter on which the Jewish state was given." <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #212180; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thus they will say and fall back in shadows <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #212180; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">And the rest will be told In the chronicles of Israel

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Niggun Atik (An Ancient Melody)
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">If your tears flow at night like a river, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">My joy I shall kindle like straw, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">My bed, if you shiver, will warm you, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">I shall cover you, sleep on the floor. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">If you yearn to join into the dancing <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">I will play till my bowstrings all break, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">If a gift for your birthday you fancy, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">My life it is yours, love, to take. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">If bread or if wine you are wanting <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Head bowed, I will stay on my feet <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">'Til I've sold both my eyes in the market

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">So my darling can drink and can eat. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">But if ever when I am not with you, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">you laugh and carouse without thought, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">I'll burn down the rafters above you <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">With the anger my jealousy's wrought. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Read more: [|http://www.answers.com/topic/natan-alterman-1#ixzz1jsr1rX9Q] [] [] //**Destruction of the Ghetto, Kiev,**// 1919 //Oil on Canvas// //Created by Abraham Manievich (////1881-1942)// The reasons for Jewish emigration from Russia and Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are complex. Population growth, economic stagnation, and political failures all played a part in pushing Jews to leave. Another "push" factor was antisemitism. In 1881, a wave of pogroms(an organized massacre, especially of Jews) spread across southern Russia. During the ensuing decades, Anti-Jewish violence and terror remained an ever-present threat throughout czarists Russia. Jews were expelled from Moscow in 1891, and in 1903 a bloody massacre in the town of Kishinev set off another round of anti-Jewish violence. Many Jews responded by immigrating to the West. //Created by Marlene Booth// Between 1880 and 1890, two and a half million Yiddish speaking Jews immigrated to America, leading to a flourishing Yiddish publishing industry. The Forward, founded in 1897 by Abraham Cahan, was the most famous and influential of the Yiddish newspapers. It served as a guide to transition, helping Yiddish speakers assimilate into the mainstream by covering a vast range of topics, from citizenship to canning fruit. The Forward strongly supported labor unions, socialist candidates, and FDR. It published translations of classics such as Madame Bovary and the works of the giants of Yiddish literature, including Isaac Bashevis Singer. The film follows the paper until 1897, when it became a weekly. []
 * Ana Tapia**: //Visual Arts/Media Specialist//
 * The Forward: From Immigrants to Americans**
 * Giovanni Rodriguez**: //Historical Specialist//

[]

Jewish history dates back 4,000 years to the time of Abraham =aviod peresecution= =jews fled everywhere around europe=

lack of economic opportunity
did not have the right to live and move where they pleased, the right to own plots of agricultural land, the right to choose an occupation freely, the right to education the ocst of their ability, the right to equality of religious practice, the right to use =stereotype= Cheap Good with Money Big Nose Great Lovers Lousy Lovers Suck at Sports Educated

MUSIC
Starting in the early 1920s, however, Jewish settlers made a conscious effort to create a new Hebrew style of music, a style that would tie them to their earliest Hebrew origins and that would differentiate them from the style of the Jewish diaspora of Eastern Europe, which they viewed as weak.

As Velvel Pasternak writes, "The importance of music in the life of the Jewish people is found almost at the beginning of Genesis... [musicians are] mentioned among the three fundamental professions.... Music was viewed as a necessity in everyday life, as a beautifying and enriching complement of human existence."[ 1 ]

1930s saw an influx of Jewish composers to British Colonial Mandatory Palestine Territory, later Palestine/Trans-Jordan and Palestine/Israel, among them musicians of stature in Europe. These composers included [|Paul Ben-Haim], Erich Walter Sternberg, Marc Lavri, Oeden Partos, and Alexander Uria Boskovitch. These composers were all concerned with forging a new Jewish identity in music, an identity which would suit the new, emerging identity of Israel.

Types of expresions through lyrics- A piyyut is a Jewish liturgical poem, usually designated to be sung, chanted, or recited during [|religious services]. Zemiros are Jewish hymns, usually sung in the Hebrew or [|Aramaic] languages

Broadway and popular composers: Irving Berlin (1888-1989)—"Blue Skies," "God Bless America," and "White Christmas;" George Gershwin (1898-1937)— //Of Thee I Sing// and //Porgy and Bess// (musicals) and "Rhapsody in Blue;" Richard Rodgers (1902-1979)— //Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I,// and //The Sound of Music// (musicals; with Oscar Hammerstein II); Benny Goodman (1909-1986)—"Let's Dance" and "Tiger Rag" (swing band music); pianist, composer, and conductor Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)— //West Side Story// and //Candide// (musicals) and //On the Waterfront// (film score); Burt Bacharach (1929– ); Herb Alpert (1935– ); and Marvin Hamlisch (1944– ). Classical performers/composers: pianist Arthur Rubinstein (1887-1982); violinist Jascha Heifetz (1901-1987); pianist Vladimir Horowitz (1904-1989); violinist Nathan Milstein (1904-1992); violinist Itzhak Perlman (1945– ); operatic soprano Beverly Sills (Belle Silverman; 1929– ); and composer Aaron Copeland (1900-1990). Popular songwriters/performers: Bob Dylan (Robert Zimmerman; 1941– )—"Like a Rolling Stone" and "Blowing in the Wind;" Neil Diamond (1941– )—"Solitary Man" and "I'm a Believer;" Carole King (Carole Klein; 1941– )—"You've Got a Friend" and "Been to Canaan;" Paul Simon (1941– ); Art Garfunkel (1941– ); and Barbra Streisand (1942– ).